Singapore Expands Use of Unmanned Vessels, with Rafael's Support

Singapore continues to strengthen its maritime security, leveraging its extensive experience in unmanned surface vessels (USVs). The Singaporean Navy has previously conducted surveillance missions using unmanned vessels. Around 20 years ago, an Endurance-class LPD of the Singaporean Navy was deployed in the Persian Gulf—better known as the Protector, manufactured by Rafael—according to an FW-MAG report.

Now, Singapore is taking another significant step with the deployment of unmanned surface vessels (USVs) for maritime security (MARSEC) missions. These new vessels will conduct autonomous patrols in the Singapore Strait, one of the busiest maritime routes. The initiative, operational since January 2025, underscores Singapore’s commitment to leveraging advanced technologies to address evolving maritime threats and enhance operational efficiency.

The vessels, known as MARSEC USVs, are equipped with advanced systems that enable them to navigate and operate autonomously in congested maritime environments. These systems include a navigation radar, stereo vision sensors, and a Rafael Toplite electro-optical camera integrated with a laser rangefinder. They are supported by a locally developed Collision Detection and Collision Avoidance algorithm, ensuring compliance with international maritime safety regulations while adapting to real-time traffic conditions.

The vessels are 16.9 meters long, weigh 30 tons, and are powered by two diesel engines connected to waterjet propulsion systems. This setup allows them to reach speeds exceeding 25 knots and operate for more than 36 hours. The design was carried out by the Taiwanese shipyard Lung Teh, while system integration was performed by ST Engineering Electronics. The USVs are armed with a Rafael-manufactured 12.7mm weapon system and a laser dazzler for deterrence, providing surveillance and defense capabilities.

The MARSEC USVs enhance the Singaporean Navy’s ability to monitor and respond to maritime security incidents. They conduct patrols, inspect suspicious vessels, and neutralize potential threats either autonomously or under remote control by the Maritime Security Task Force (MSTF). During a demonstration on February 4, 2025, a MARSEC USV successfully intercepted a suspicious vessel, showcasing its ability to issue warnings and engage threats effectively.

These unmanned vessels also offer significant manpower efficiency benefits. While traditional littoral mission vessels (LMVs) require a crew of 23 for similar missions, MARSEC USVs can operate with just two shore-based operators. This allows manned ships to be allocated to more complex missions in distant waters, optimizing resource deployment.

Singapore’s strategic position as a global maritime hub necessitates strong security measures to protect its waterways, which see the transit of over 1,000 commercial vessels daily. The deployment of MARSEC USVs adds an additional layer of surveillance and operational response, complementing existing land-based sensors and manned vessels. This initiative also aligns with Singapore’s broader efforts to integrate autonomous systems into its defense infrastructure.

With three units already in service and a fourth expected soon, the Singaporean Navy plans to further expand the MARSEC USVs’ mission scope. Future roles may include mine countermeasures and modular upgrades for specialized missions. By embracing this technology-driven approach, Singapore is reinforcing its maritime security while optimizing naval efficiency in one of the world’s busiest waterways.